Zamanlar There to be Modals  Edilgen Koşullar  Söz Aktarım Mastar  Nicelik  Cümlecik I   Cümlecik II 31 Modal fiiller: genel ‘Kipfiiller’ yada ‘yardımcı kipfiiller’: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need ve dare 1 Kipfiiller, örneğin, olasılık, istek, yeterlilik, yükümlülük, görev, kesinlik ve izin için kullanılır. It might rain. (olasılık) Will you help me (istek) Can she swim? (yeterlilik) You must be home by 11 o’clock. (yükümlülük) You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry. (kesinlik) May I borrow your car? (izin) 2 modal verb + be+... –ing yapısını kullanabiliriz. It’s getting late. We really must be going now. I may be working late tomorrow. Bazen de, kipfiiller yerine be able to, be allowed to ve have to yapılarını kullanabiliriz. Bu yapılar, kipfiiller ile mümkün olmayan bazı anlamlar verirler I’d like to be able to play the piano. She had to go to doctor’s yesterday. 3 Geçmişten söz ederken, modal verb + have + past participle kullanabiliriz. Bu yapıyı, örneğin, muhtemelen olmuş yada olmamış şeylerden söz ederken kullanırız. “Peter is late.” “He may have missed his train.” (=Belki kaçırmıştır.) I feel really tired today. I should have gone to bed earlier last night. (=Fakat dün erken yatmadım.)   32 Yeterlilik: can, could, be able to 1 can Yeterlilikten söz ederken can kullanırız. Can you swim? He can play the guitar. I can’t open this bottle. Can you meet me tomorrow evening? 2 could ve was/were able to a – Birinin geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilmek için genel bir yeterliliği olduğunu anlatmada could kullanılabilir. I could swim when I was 4 years old. My sister could talk when she was 15 month old. Bu anlamda was/were able to da kullanabiliriz. I was able to swim when I was 4 years old. b – Fakat, geçmiş zamanda birisinin özel bir durumdaki yeterliliğinden söz edeceğimizde, was/were able to kullanmak zorundayız. (could mümkün değildir.) Even though I’d hurt my leg, I was able to swim back to the boat. The manager wasn’t in the office for very long, but we were able to speak to him for a few minutes. managed to yada succeeded in bu anlamda was/were able to yerine kullanılabilir. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the boat / I succeeded in swimming back to the boat. managed to yada succeeded in, normalde, eylemin gerçekleştirilmesi zor olduğunda kullanılır. c – Algı fiilleri, see, hear, smell, teste, feel  yada düşünce fiilleri, understand, remember, söz konusu olduğunda bir istisna oluşmaktadır. Gerçekten de özel bir durumda yapmış olsak dahi, bu fiiller ile birlikte could kullanırız. We could see a man in the garden. I could hear a noise outside my bedroom door. d – Hem genel bir yeterlilik hem de özel durumlar için could not (=couldn’t) kullanırız. My grandmother couldn’t dance. He tried very hard, but he couldn’t swim back to the boat. 3 could have ... Birisinin geçmiş zamanda bir şeyi yapmak için yeterliliği yada fırsatı olduğunu, fakat yapmadığını söylemek için could have+ past participle kullanırız. You could have helped me. Why didn’t you? I could have gone to China on holiday last year, but I decided not to. 4 Yeterliliğin diğer şekillerde ifadesi: be able to can kipfiilinin –ing yada participle kullanımı yoktur. Gerektiğinde, be able to kullanılır. I would like to be able to play the piano. In the future, people will be able to live on other planets She enjoys being able to speak foreign languages. I’ve been able to drive since I was 18.   33 İzin: can, could, may, might, be allowed to 1 İzin isteme Can I borrow your dictionary? Can I use your pen for a moment? Could I ask you a personal question? May I make a suggestion? Burada could, can ile karşılaştırıldığında, daha çok teklifli ve nazik bir kullanımdır. May ise daha resmidir ( Kimileri may için, daha ‘doğru’ bir kullanım olduğunu düşünür.). Daha resmi bir tarz için, izin isterken might kullanabiliriz. Might I make a suggestion? 2 İzin verme İzin verdiğimizde, can yada may kullanırız (fakat, could yada might mümkün değildir). “Can I use your pen for a moment?”  “Yes, of course you can.” You can borrow my camera if you want to. “Could I make a suggestion?”  “Of course you may.” 3 İzinlerden söz etme Zaten izin verilmiş yada verilmemiş şeylerden söz ederken ( örneğin bir kural yada yasa olduğunda), can(‘t) yada be (not) allowed to kullanırız. You can’t smoke / aren’t allowed to smoke in this room. You can get married / are allowed to get married in Britain when you are 16. The children normally go to bed at 9 o’clock, but they can stay up / are allowed to stay up later on Saturdays. 4 could ve was/were allowed to a – could, geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilmek için genel bir iznimiz olduğunu anlatır. When I was 18, I could borroıw my parents’ car whenever I wanted to Was/were allowed to da bu anlamda mümkündür. When I was 18, I was allowed to borroıw my parents’ car whenever I wanted to b – Ancak birisinin özel bir geçmiş durumda bir şey yapmak için izni olduğunu söylemek istediğimizde, was/were allowed to kullanmak zorundayız. I was allowed to borrow my parents’ car last night.   34 Yükümlülük ve gereklilik: must, have to, have got to 1 Must ve have to a – Yükümlülük ve gereklilikleri ifade etmek için hem must hem de have to kullanırız. Ancak bazen aralarında bir farklılık vardır. Otorite konuşucunun kendisinden kaynaklanıyorsa, doğal olarak must kullanırız. You must be at home by ten o’clock (Israr ediyorum.). I’ve got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor. ( Gerekli olduğunu düşünüyorum.) You must drive carefully. (Israr ediyorum) Otorite konuşucunun dışından geliyorsa, have to. I have to be at home by ten o’clock (Ailen ısrar ediyor.). I have to go and see the doctor at 9.00. tomorrow morning. (Bir randevum var.) You have to drive on the left in Britain. (Kanun bu.) b– Must, sadece şimdi ve gelecekten söz ederken kullanılır. Geçmiş yükümlülük yada gerekliliklerden bahsetmek için had to kullanırız. I had to work late yesterday. c –  must, participle yada –ing formunda kullanılamaz. Gerekli olduğunda, bu yapılar için have to kullanılır. I’ll have to work late tomorrow. He hates having to get up early. She’s had to work hard all her life. Soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde, have to, present simple için do/does simple past için ise did ile birlikte kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz. What time do you have to start work? We don’t have to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. Did you have to walk home last night? 2 Have got to Yükümlülük ve gerekliliklerden söz ederken, have to yerine sık sık have got to kullanırız. Have got to çok daha teklifsiz bir kullanımdır. I have to hurry. I’ve got to hurry. Do you have to go? Have you got to go? Sürekli tekrarlanan şeylerden söz ederken, özellikle always, often gibi tek kelimelik sıklık zarflarıyla birlikte have got to değil de, have to kullanırız. I always have to work late on Wednesday evenings. I’ve got to work late this evening. Do you often have to get up early?    Have you got to get up early tomorrow?   35 Yükümlülük ve gereklilik (2): musn’t, don’t have to, don’t need to, haven’t got to, needn’t 1 Musn’t ve don’t have to karşılaştırılması: Bir şeyin yapılmamasına dair bir yükümlülük var ise, musn’t kullanırız. Fakat bir şeyi yapmamız için bir gereklilik yok ise, don’t have to. You musn’t get up today. (=Kalkma.) I don’t have to get up today. (=Kalkmam gerekli değil.) You musn’t wash that sweater. It has to be dry-cleaned. (=Yıkama.) You don’t have to wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty. (=Yıkamak gerekli değil) 2 Bir şeyi yapmanın gerekmediğini söylemek için don’t need to, haven’t got to, yada needn’t da kullanılabilir. I don’t need to get up today. I haven’t got to get up today. I needn’t get up today. Konuşucu bir şeyin yapılmaması ile ilgili bir izin verirken, çoğunlukla needn’t kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz. You needn’t pay me back the money you owe me until next week. (=O zamana kadar parayı bana geri ödememene izin veriyorum.)   36 Needn’t have ve didn’t need to 1 Needn’t have+past participle birinin bir şey yaptığını, fakat bunu boş yere, gereksiz olarak yaptığını anlatır. Yaptığı zaman kaybıdır. I needn’t have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry. (=Bu kadar çok yiyecek hazırlamak gerekli değildi. Fakat hazırladım. 2 Didn’t need to  bir şeyin gerekli olmadığını söyler, yalnız yapılıp yada yapılmadığını söylemez. She needn’t have waited. (=Beklemesi gerekmiyormuş, fakat gereksiz yere beklemiş.) She didn’t need to wait.(=Beklemek gerekli değilmiş, fakat bekleyip beklemediğini bilmiyoruz.) They needn’t have worried. (= Endişelenmesi gerekmezmiş, fakat endişelenmişler.) They didn’t need to worry. (=Endişelenmek için gerek yokmuş, fakat endişelenip endişelenmediklerini bilmiyoruz.) 3 Didn’t need to kullandığımızda, anlamı çoğunlukla, birşeyin gerekmediği için yapılmadığı olacaktır. I didn’t need to unlock the door because it was already unlocked. I didn’t need to write to you so I phoned you instead. Yine de, gerekli olmadığı halde, birisinin bir şeyi yaptığını söylemek için, özellikle need’e vurgu yaparak, didn’t need to kullanabiliriz. I didn’t ‘need to write to you, but I wrote to you anyway.   37 Yükümlülük ve öğüt: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall 1 Should ve ought to a – Yükümlülük yada görevlerden söz ederken, öğüt alır veya verirken, yada, genel olarak, neyin doğru, neyin yanlış olduğunu söylerken, hem should hem de ought to kullanabiliriz. You should learn to swim. / You ought to learn to swim. You shouldn’t tell lies. / You oughtn’t tell lies. What do you think I should do? / What do you think I ought to do? Anlam bakımından should ve ought to oldukça benzerdir. Yine de, otoritenin, konuşucunun dışından geldiğini söylemek istiyorsak, ought to tavsiye edilir. b – Should have / ought to have + past participle, birisinin geçmişte yanlış bir şey yaptığından söz etmek için kullanılır. I should have posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot.(Postalamadım.) I’m really tired this morning. I shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night. (Geç saatlere kadar ayaktaydım.) Haven’t you finished your homework yet? You ought to have done it last night. (Yapmadın.) 2 Had better Had better, özel bir durum için güçlü bir tavsiye ifade eder. I’m going to interview tomorrow. I’d better iron my shirt. It’s going to be cold tonight. We’d better turn on the heating. Bu yapıda had ( have mümkün değildir) daima better ile birlikte kullanılır. Ancak anlam, geçmiş değil, şimdi yada gelecektir. Olumsuz yapı, had better not ile oluşturulur. We’d better not to late. Had better çoğunlukla bir tür tehtid yada uyarı gösterir ve should yada ought to ile karşılaştırıldığında, daha güçlüdür. 3 Be + supposed to Bir anlaşma, kural yada görevden ötürü insanlardan ne beklendiğininden söz etmek için kullanırız. You’re supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon. Bir yasaklama (men etme) ifade edileceği zaman, not supposed to kullanırız. You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom. Çoğu zaman olması beklenen ile gerçekte olan arasında farklılıklar vardır. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon, but I’m not going to have enough time. Put those sweets away! You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom. He was supposed to phone me yesterday, but he didn’t. Supposed to aynı zamanda, “deniliyor” anlamında kullanılır. I’d like to read that book. It’s supposed to be very good. 4 Shall Bir başkasının görüşünü öğrenmek, yada öğüt veya talimatları bilmek istersek, shall kullanırız. I’ve missed my last bus. What shall I do? I’m not sure what to do. Shal I apply for the job or not? How long shall I cook this spaghetti?   38 Olasılık: may, might, could 1 Şimdiki ve gelecek olasılıklar a – Şimdiki ve gelecek olasılıklardan söz ederken, may, might ve could kullanabiliriz. “There’s someone at the door.”   “It may be sarah.” (=Belki Sarahdır.) We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach. “Where’s Simon?”  “He could be in the living room.” Might, normalde may’den daha az emindir. Could ise her ikisinden de daha az emindir. +++ may          ++ might          + could b – Olumsuzlarda, bu anlamda, may not ve might not kullanırız. Could not ise, kullanılmaz. Simon may not be in the living room (=Belki oturma odasında değildir.) We might not go to the beach. (=Belki gitmayacağiz.) c – May/might/could + be + ... –ing They may be having dinner at the moment. (=Belki yemek yiyorlar.) 2 Geçmişteki olasılık a – Geçmişteki olasılıklardan söz ederken, may/might/could + have + past participle kullanabiliriz. “Where was Sally last night?”   “I think she may have been at the cinema.” (=Belki de sinemadaydı.) “Peter is late.”   “He might have missed his train.” (=Belki kaçırdı / kaçırmıştır.) “I can’t find my wallet anywhere.”   “You could have left it at home.” (=Belki de evde unuttun.) “She was walked straight past me without saying hello.”   “She might not have seen you.” (=Belki seni görmedi.) b – could ve might, have + past participle ile birlikte, birşeyin geçmişte olası olduğunu, fakat gerçekleşmediğini anlatmak için kullanılır. (Bu anlamda may kullanılmaz.) “I forgot to lock my car last night.”   “You were very lucy. Someone could have stolen it.” You were stupid to try to climb that tree. You might have killed yourself.”   39 Olanak: can 1 Teorik olasılık’lardan söz ediyorsak, can kullanırız. Anyone can learn to swim. (=Yüzme öğrenmek herkez için mümkündür.) Bu kullanımda ise, can bazen ile aynı anlamı taşır. My brother can be nice. (=Kardeşim bazen çok iyi biridir.) Birşeyin belki de gelecekte olacağını, yada belki, konuşma anında doğru olduğunu söylemek için may, might yada could kullanırız, can mümkün değildir.  It may rain later. (‘It can rain later.’ Mümkün değildir.) “Where’s  Ken?”  “He could be outside.” (‘He can be outside.’ Mümkün değildir.) Karşılaştırınız: It can be cold in England. (= İngilterede havalar bazen soğuktur.) It may be cold tomorrow. (= Belki yarın hava soğuk olcak.) 2 Geçmişteki teorik olasılıklardan söz ederken could kullanırız. My brother could be reaaly horrible when he was a child.   40 Olasılık:  should, ought to 1 Bir şeyin şimdi yada gelecekte olabilir olduğunu söylemek için should yada ought to kullanabiliriz. Sally should be at work by now. She’s normally there at this time. (=Sally muhtemelen şimdiye kadar işe varmıştır.) I should finish work early today. I haven’t got much to do. (= Bugün muhtemelen işlerimi erken bitireceğim.) He ought to pass his driving test easly. He’s very good driver. (=Muhtemelen sınavı kolaylıkla geçecektir.) 2 Should have ... ve ought to have ... Bir şeyin olmasını beklediğimiz ancak olup olmadığını bilmediğimizde, should have / ought to have + past participle kullanırız. They should have arrived by now. (Fakat varıp varmadıklarını bilmiyorum.) “I wonder if he past his driving test this morning.”   “He ought to have passed it easly. (=Fakat  geçip geçmediğini bilmiyorum.) Yine bu yapıyı, bir şeyin olmasını beklediğimiz halde olmadığını söylemek için de kullanırız. They should have arrived by now, but they aren’t there yet. He ought to have passed his driving test easly. I was surprised that he failed.   41 Çıkarım: must, can’t 1 Must, can’t a – Must, çıkarımlarda, bir şey hakkında emin olduğumuzu söylemek için kullanırız. It’s not very warm and you’re not wearing a coat. You must be cold. (=Üşüdüğüne eminim.) Mrs Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life. (=Londra’yı çok iyi bildiğine eminim.) b– Bu anlamda must’ın olumsuzu olarak can’t kullanılır. Can’t, çıkarımlarda bir şeyin olanaksız olduğunu söylemek için kullanılır. Peter was here a moment ago, so he can’t be far away. (=Uzaklaşmış olması olanaksız.) Annie can’t be asleep. There’s a light on in her bedroom. (=Uyuyor olaması olanaksız.) c – must / can’t + be + ... –ing.  You’ve been working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. (=Yorgun hissediyor olduğuna eminim.) Simon has bought two tickets for the concert, so he can’t be going on his own. (=Tek başına gidiyor olması olanaksız.) d – Olasılıklar ile ilgili sorularda can de kullanabiliriz. The telephone is ringing. Who can that be? Sally is late. Where can she be? 2 Must have ... ve can’t have ... a – Geçmiş ile ilgili çıkarımlarda bulunurken, must / can’t + have + past participle kullanırız. Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive. (= Pahalı olduklarına eminim.) You can’t have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed all day yesterday. (=Havuzda olmuş olman mümkün değil.) Burada, can’ have ... yerine could have ... kullanabiliriz.  You couldn’t have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed all day yesterday. (=Havuzda olmuş olman mümkün değil.) b – Geçmiş olasılıklar ile ilgili, sorularda, can have ... ve could have ... kullanırız. Where can they have gone? Sally is very late. What could have happened to her?   42 Ricalar: can, could, may, will, would 1 Bir şey için rıcada bulunmak Her şey için can, could yada may ile rica edebiliriz. Can I have a glass of water, please? Could I  have the bill, please? May I have some more coffee? 2 İzin istemek İzin istemek için can, could ve may kullanırız. Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question? Excuse me. May I have a look at your newspaper? 3 Başkasından bir şey yapmasını istemek a – Bizim için bir başkasının bir şey yapmasını istemede çoğunlukla can you? yapısını kullanırız. Can you post this letter for me please? Can you switch on the light, please? Daha az kesin, daha çok nazik bir kullanım olarak, could tercih edilir. Could you pass me that newspaper please? Could you give me some advice? b – Yine bir başkasından bir şey yapmasını istemek için, will you da kullanılır. Will you switch on the light, please? Bu anlamda, will’e oranla, daha az kesin, daha çok nazik bir kullanım olarak would tercih edilir. Would you post this letter for me? “The phone is ringing.”   “Would you answer it?” c – Daha nazik ricalarda bulunabilmek için mind ( karşı çıkmak yada hoşlanmamak ) fiiliyle birlikte would kullanırız. Would you mind switching on the light? d – Bazen de, ne istediğimizi söylemenin daha nazik bir yolu olarak, ricalarda bulunurken, would like kullanırız. I’d like a glass of water, please. I’d like to ask you a personal question.   43 Teklifler: will, shall, can, could would                 1 Bir şeyi yapmakta istekli olduğumuzu söylemek yada yine birşeyi yapmak için bir teklifte bulunmak için will kullanırız. I’ll help you with your suitcase. I’ll lend you my bicycle if you want. Are you hungry? I’ll make you something to eat? Ayrıca, will you? yine öneriler ve davetler için de kullanılır. What will you have to drink? Will you have dinner with us? 2 Bir başkası için bir şey yapmayı teklif etmek için shall I (= yapmamı ister misin?) Shall I help you? Shall I open the door for you? Shall I post this letter for you? 3 Yine bir başkası için bir şey yapmayı teklif etmek için can/could (= ‘yeterlilik’) kullanabiliriz. I can post this letter for you. I could lend you some money if you want. Bazen de, ‘izin istemek’ için can yada could kullanırken, zaten bir şey yapmayı teklif etmiş oluyoruz. Can I make you something to eat? Could I carry that bag for you? 4 Nazik bir davet yada teklif için, like, prefer ve rather gibi fiilleri would ile birlikte kullanırız. Would you like to go to a party on Saturday? Would you like me to help you? Would you prefer to stay in or out this evening?   44 Öneriler: shall, let’s, why don’t we, how/what about, can, could 1 Bir şey istemek yada bir öneride bulunmak için, shall we? kullanırız. Where shall we go? What time shall we leave? Shall we stay at home? Shall we play tennis tomorrow? 2 Şu şekillerde de önerilerde bulunabiliriz: a – Let’s ( + to olmaksızın mastar ) Let’s watch TV. Let’s go for a swim. (Let’s = Let us) b – Why don’t we ( + to olmaksızın mastar ) why don’t we go for a swim? Why don’t we play tennis? c – How / What about ( + -ing  / isim ) How about playing tennis / a game of tennis? 3 Olası eylemlerden söz etmek için can ve could kullanırız. We can watch TV if you like. We could go to cinema tomorrow.   45 Alışkanlıklar: used to, will, would 1 Used to Artık bitmiş olan geçmiş alışkanlıklardan söz ederken, used to + fiil kullanırız. Robert used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago. (= Robert, geçmişte düzenli olarak futbol oynadı, fakat şimdi artık oymamıyor.) Kate used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now. When I was a child, I used to suck my thumb. Used to’nun olumsuzu didn’t use to dur. I didn’t use to live in London. You didn’t use to like classical music. Never used to da kullanılabilir. You never used to like classical music. Soru oluşturmak için doğal olarak, did ... use to ... ? kullanılır. Where did you use to live? Did you use to like classical music? 2 Will ve would a – Birisinin karakter özelliklerinden yada tipik davranışlarından söz edeceğimizde, will kullanabiliriz. Simon loves music. He’ll sit down for hours listening to his stereo. Kate is very kind. She’ll always help people if she can. Aynı anlamda, geçmiş ile ilgili söz ettiğimizde ise, would kullanırız. When I was a child my father would sometimes take me fishing. My grandmorher was very absent-minded. She would often buy something and then leave the shop without it. Will ve would, bu kullanımlarda vurgulanmaz. b – Eğer will yada would vurgulanırsa (‘), bir eleştiri gösterir. He ‘will slam the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry. “She borrowed my camera without asking.”  “She ‘would do a thing like that. She’s always borrowing things without asking.”  3 Used to ve would Geçmiş alışkanlıklardan söz ederken, used to yada would kullanabiliriz. When we were children, we used to / would play Cowboys and Indians together. When I was a child, my elder brother used to / would take me to the cinema every Saturday morning. Geçmiş durumlardan söz edeceğimizde ise, used to kullanırız, fakat would mümkün değildir. My grandfather used to be a policeman. (would mümkün değildir.) I used to have a moustache, but I shaved it off. (would mümkün değildir.)   46 Geri çevirmeler: won’t, wouldn’t İnsanların yada diğer varlıkların bir şeyi yapmayı reddettiklerini söylemek için, won’t kullanırız. Annie won’t do her homework. (=yapmayı reddediyor.) This machine won’t work. (=çalışmayı reddediyor.) İnsanların yada diğer varlıkların bir şeyi yapmayı geçmişte reddettiklerini söyleöek için ise, wouldn’t kullanırız. This mechine wouldn’t work yesterday. (= Çalışmayı reddetti.)   47 Söz verme ve tehdit: will Söz vermek yada bir tehtitte bulunmak gibi güçlü duyguların ifadesinde will kullanırız. I will be careful with the ca, I promise. I promise I won’t be late tomorrow. Stop making noise or I’ll scream!   48 May / might as well Bir şeyi yapmamak için iyi bir nedenimiz olmadığına göre, yapabileceğimizi söylemek için, may / might as well kullanırız. “Shall we get a taxi or wait for the bus?”   “We might as well wait for the bus. We’re not in a hurry, are we?” “Why don’t we go out for a walk?”   “We may as well, I suppose. We haven’t got anything else to do.”   49 Diğer kullanımları ile should 1 Fiil + should Suggest, insist, recommend, agree gibi fiillerden sonra that ... should kullanabiliriz. Teklifsiz kullanımlarda çoğu kez that düşecektir. I suggest (that) he should see the doctor. She insisted (that) I should take the money. I agreed (that) we should tell the police. 2 Sıfat + should Ayrıca, surprised, sorry, shocked, interesting gibi duygu ifade eden sıfatlardan sonra that ... should kullanabiliriz  I was surprised (that) she should fail the exam. I am sorry (that) he should feel so unhappy. It is intresting (that) you should say that.   50 Wish ve if only 1 Wish ve if only + past tense Şimdiki durumdan ötürü duyduğumuz üzüntüyü ifade etmek için, wish ve if only geçmiş bir zamanla beraber kullanılabilir. (Bir şeyi olduğundan farklı hayal ederken.) I wish I had a car. (Arabam yok) I wish he wasn’t so horrible to me. (Fakat bana karşı çok kötü) She wishes she could play the guitar. (Çalamıyor.) If only we knew Maria’s address. (Adresi bilmiyoruz.) If only, wish ile karşılaştırıldığında, daha vurguludur. Özellikle resmi kullanımlarda wish ve if only ile birlikte, was yerine çoğu kez were kullanırız. I wish he weren’t so horrible to me. If only I were better-looking. 2 Wish / if only + would Bir şeyin farklı olmasını yada oluşunun bitmesini istediğimizde, wish ve if only ile birlikte would kullanırız. I wish you would stop making that noise. I wish you wouldn’t slam the door when you come in. It makes me angry. I wish he wouldn’t leave his clothes lying all over the bathroom floor. If only you would stop complaining! 3 Wish / if only + past perfect Bir şeyin geçmişte olmasından yada olmamasından ötürü üzüntümüzü anlatmak için, wish ve if only ile birlikte past perfect kullanırız. Oh, I’m tired. I wish I’d gone to bed earlier last night. (Dün akşam erken yatmadım.) I wish I hadn’t stayed out so late (Geç saatlere kadar ayaktaydım.) If only you had explained the situation to me. (Bana durumu açıklamadın.)   51 Would rather 1 Would rather, ‘would prefer to’ anlamındadır. “Would you like to go on holiday in June?”   “I’d rather go July.” Would you rather meet on Monday or Tuesday? Olumsuz: would rather not I’d rather not lend him any money. I’d rather take a taxi to the station than go by bus. 2 Eğer birisi birbaşkasının, olandan farklı bir şey yapmasını tercih edeceğini söyleyecekse, would rather+geçmiş bir zaman kullanır.  I’d rather you didn’t open that window. I’m cold. “Do you want me to go home?”   “I’d rather you stayed here.” I’d rather John didn’t borrow my car.” . He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good. Confucius I have often wished I had time to cultivate modesty... But I am too busy thinking about myself. Edith Sitwell  Life is a long lesson in humility. James M. Barrie Be modest! It is the kind of pride least likely to offend. Jules Renard Modesty is a shining light; it prepares the mind to receive knowledge, and the heart for truth. Madam Guizot I am no more humble than my talents require. Oscar Levant If I only had a little humility, I'd be perfect. Ted Turner Acting is not being emotional, but being able to express emotion. Kate Reid I have long since come to believe that people never mean half of what they say, and that it is best to disregard their talk and judge only their actions. Dorothy Day I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts. John Locke Strong reasons make strong actions. William Shakespeare Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don't know which half. John Wanamaker You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements. Norman Douglas Advertising may be described as the science of arresting the human intelligence long enough to get money from it. Stephen Leacock Advertisements... contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper. Thomas Jefferson I read no newspaper now but Ritchie's, and in that chiefly the advertisements, for they contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper. Thomas Jefferson What is the difference between unethical and ethical advertising? Unethical advertising uses falsehoods to deceive the public; ethical advertising uses truth to deceive the public. Vilhjalmur Stefansson Never trust the advice of a man in difficulties. Aesop It is very difficult to live among people you love and hold back from offering them advice. Anne Tyler People who ask our advice almost never take it. Yet we should never refuse to give it, upon request, for it often helps us to see our own way more clearly. Brendan Francis Ask advice only of your equals. Danish Proverb Please give me some good advice in your next letter. I promise not to follow it. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892 - 1950), Letters Write down the advice of him who loves you, though you like it not at present. English Proverb Advice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didn't. Erica Jong I owe my success to having listened respectfully to the very best advice, and then going away and doing the exact opposite. G. K. Chesterton Never give advice unless asked. German Proverb Some people like my advice so much that they frame it upon the wall instead of using it. Gordon R. Dickson The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right. Hannah Whitall Smith I have found the best way to give advice to your children is to find out what they want and then advise them to do it. Harry S Truman   Never take the advice of someone who has not had your kind of trouble. Sidney J. Harris In giving advice, seek to help, not please your friend. Solon Never advise anyone to go to war or to marry. Spanish Proverb Beware of the young doctor and the old barber. Benjamin Franklin To me, old age is always 15 years older than I am. Bernard M. Baruch   Aging is not 'lost youth' but a new stage of opportunity and strength. Betty Friedan There is no old age. There is, as there always was, just you. Carol Matthau Always be nice to those younger than you, because they are the ones who will be writing about you. Cyril Connolly The great secret that all old people share is that you really haven't changed in 70 or 80 years. Your body changes, but you don't change at all. Doris Lessing The surprising thing about young fools is how many survive to become old fools. Doug Larson Though it sounds absurd, it is true to say I felt younger at sixty than I felt at twenty. Ellen Glasgow The longer I live the more beautiful life becomes. Frank Lloyd Wright Age to me means nothing. I can't get old; I'm working. I was old when I was twenty-one and out of work. As long as you're working, you stay young. When I'm in front of an audience, all that love and vitality sweeps over me and I forget my age. George Burns   I was always taught to respect my elders and I've now reached the age when I don't have anybody to respect. George Burns   About the only thing that comes to us without effort is old age. Gloria Pitzer   Age is not a particularly interesting subject. Anyone can get old. All you have to do is live long enough. Groucho Marx The older I grow the more I distrust the familiar doctrine that age brings wisdom. H. L. Mencken . My idea of an agreeable person is a person who agrees with me. Benjamin Disraeli   It is by universal misunderstanding that all agree. For if, by ill luck, people understood each other, they would never agree. Charles Baudelaire Those who agree with us may not be right, but we admire their astuteness. Cullen Hightower We rarely think people have good sense unless they agree with us. Francois de La Rochefoucauld If two men agree on everything, you may be sure that one of them is doing the thinking. Lyndon B. Johnson I don't necessarily agree with everything I say. Marshall McLuhan If you can find something everyone agrees on, it's wrong. Mo Udall Whenever people agree with me I always feel I must be wrong. Oscar Wilde The greatest mistake is trying to be more agreeable than you can be. Walter Bagehot When two men in business always agree, one of them is unnecessary. William Wrigley Jr. America is a large, friendly dog in a very small room. Every time it wags its tail, it knocks over a chair. Arnold Toynbee  There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. Bill Clinton   America's one of the finest countries anyone ever stole. Bobcat Goldthwaite There's the country of America, which you have to defend, but there's also the idea of America. America is more than just a country, it's an idea. An idea that's supposed to be contagious. Bono There is nothing wrong with America that the faith, love of freedom, intelligence and energy of her citizens cannot cure. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969) The United States is a nation of laws: badly written and randomly enforced. Frank Zappa England and America are two countries separated by a common language. George Bernard Shaw America is a young country with an old mentality. George Santayana America has never been an empire. We may be the only great power in history that had the chance, and refused – preferring greatness to power and justice to glory. George W. Bush America has never been united by blood or birth or soil. We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interests and teach us what it means to be citizens. George W. Bush America will never run... And we will always be grateful that liberty has found such brave defenders. George W. Bush In the United States there is more space where nobody is than where anybody is. That is what makes America what it is. Gertrude Stein   What's right about America is that although we have a mess of problems, we have great capacity - intellect and resources - to do some thing about them. Henry Ford II This is the story of America. Everybody's doing what they think they're supposed to do. Jack Kerouac In a country as big as the United States, you can find fifty examples of anything. Jeffery F. Chamberlain America is a vast conspiracy to make you happy. There are three social classes in America: upper middle class, middle class, and lower middle class. Judith Martin, The thing that impresses me the most about America is the way parents obey their children. King Edward VIII Anger makes you smaller, while forgiveness forces you to grow beyond what you were. Cherie Carter-Scott When anger rises, think of the consequences. Confucius If you would cure anger, do not feed it. Say to yourself: 'I used to be angry every day; then every other day; now only every third or fourth day.' When you reach thirty days offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to the gods. Epictetus Anger at lies lasts forever. Anger at truth can't last. Greg Evans Never forget what a man says to you when he is angry. Henry Ward Beecher Speak when you are angry--and you will make the best speech you'll ever regret. Laurence J. Peter Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. But when they get angry, they bring about a change. Malcolm X I have a right to my anger, and I don't want anybody telling me I shouldn't be, that it's not nice to be, and that something's wrong with me because I get angry. Maxine Waters My parents only had one argument in forty-five years. It lasted forty-three years. Cathy Ladman He who strikes the first blow admits he's lost the argument. Chinese Proverb I can win an argument on any topic, against any opponent. People know this, and steer clear of me at parties. Often, as a sign of their great respect, they don't even invite me. Dave Barry Use soft words and hard arguments. English Proverb The most perfidious way of harming a cause consists of defending it deliberately with faulty arguments. Friedrich Nietzsche   The thing I hate about an argument is that it always interrupts a discussion. G. K. Chesterton No matter what side of the argument you are on, you always find people on your side that you wish were on the other. Jascha Heifetz If you go in for argument, take care of your temper. Your logic, if you have any, will take care of itself. Joseph Farrell Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refute. Josh Billings Behind every argument is someone's ignorance. Louis D. Brandeis Arguments are to be avoided; they are always vulgar and often convincing. Oscar Wilde It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them. Pierre Beaumarchais In a heated argument we are apt to lose sight of the truth. Publilius Syrus The argument is at an end. Saint Augustine It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument. William G. McAdoo With reasonable men I will reason; with humane men I will plea; but to tyrants I will give no quarter, nor waste arguments where they will certainly be lost. William Lloyd Garrison For they are yet ear-kissing arguments. William Shakespeare   [Abstract art is] a product of the untalented, sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered. Al Capp Art is the imposing of a pattern on experience, and our aesthetic enjoyment is recognition of the pattern. Alfred North Whitehead Painting: The art of protecting flat surfaces from the weather and exposing them to the critic. Ambrose Bierce Art is the desire of a man to express himself, to record the reactions of his personality to the world he lives in. Amy Lowell Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. Andre Gide Let each man exercise the art he knows. Aristophanes I believe that if it were left to artists to choose their own labels, most would choose none. Ben Shahn So you see, imagination needs moodling - long, inefficient, happy idling, dawdling and puttering. Brenda Ueland I suppose no matter what I'm drawing, there will always be some sort of question in my mind about it. A work of art (even cartoon art)is never really finished; it is abandoned. Brooke McEldowney, I can't criticize what I don't understand. If you want to call this art, you've got the benefit of all my doubts. Charles Rosin, Art is born of the observation and investigation of nature. Cicero Art forms of the past were really considered elitist. Bach did not compose for the masses, neither did Beethoven. It was always for patrons, aristocrats, and royalty. Now we have a sort of democratic version of that, which is to say that the audience is so splintered in its interests. David Cronenberg, Rocketboom, The idea of a mass audience was really an invention of the Industrial Revolution. David Cronenberg, I merely took the energy it takes to pout and wrote some blues. Duke Ellington Works of art, in my opinion, are the only objects in the material universe to possess internal order, and that is why, though I don't believe that only art matters, I do believe in Art for Art's sake. E. M. Forster Another unsettling element in modern art is that common symptom of immaturity, the dread of doing what has been done before. Edith Wharton Art is on the side of the oppressed. Think before you shudder at the simplistic dictum and its heretical definition of the freedom of art. For if art is freedom of the spirit, how can it exist within the oppressors? Edith Wharton A painting in a museum hears more ridiculous opinions than anything else in the world. Edmond de Goncourt Illusions are art, for the feeling person, and it is by art that you live, if you do. Elizabeth Bowen Artists who seek perfection in everything are those who cannot attain it in anything. Eugene Delacroix Art is making something out of nothing and selling it. Frank Zappa I paint my own reality. The only thing I know is that I paint because I need to, and I paint whatever passes through my head without any other consideration. Frida Kahlo Art, like morality, consists of drawing the line somewhere. G. K. Chesterton A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort. Herm Albright   I happen to feel that the degree of a person's intelligence is directly reflected by the number of conflicting attitudes she can bring to bear on the same topic. Lisa Alther, Kinflicks, Complaining is good for you as long as you're not complaining to the person you're complaining about. Lynn Johnston A strong positive mental attitude will create more miracles than any wonder drug. Patricia Neal Human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives. William James The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind. William James   A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove that you don't need it.