Zamanlar There to be Modals  Edilgen Koşullar  Söz Aktarım Mastar  Nicelik  Cümlecik I   Cümlecik II 52 Edilgen: genel 1 a – Edilgen yüklemleri be fiilinin farlı zamanlarını kullanarak oluştururuz.  Present Simple: am / is / are + past participle  The office is locked every evening.  Present Continuous: am / is / are + being + past participle  The house is being painted at the moment.  Past Simple: was / were + past participle  My car was stolen last night.  Past Continuous: was / were + being + past participle  The bridge was being repaired last week.  Present Perfect Simple: have / has + been + past participle  Sarah has been invited to the party.  Past Perfect Simple: had + been + past participle  I thought that you had been told the news. b – Etken ve edilgen cümleleri karşılaştırınız. Etken: Someone locks the office every evrning. Edilgen: The office is locked every evening. Etken: Someone has invited Sarah to the party. Edilgen: Sarah has been invited to the party. Etken bir yüklemin nesnesinin (ofis, Sarah), edilgen bir yüklemin öznesi olduğuna dikkat ediniz. c – Edilgenlerde zaman seçme kuralları, etkenlerdeki ile aynıdır. Örneğin konuşma anında olagelen bir eylemden söz ediyorsak, Present Continuous kullanırız. The house is being painted at the moment. 2 a – Bir şeyi kim yada neyin yaptığını bilmediğimiz durumlarda, edilgen kullanırız. My car was stolen last night. ( Kimin çaldığını bilmiyorum.) b – Bir şeyi kim yada neyin yaptığıyla ilgilenmediğimiz durumlarda da, edilgen kullanırız. The factory was painted during the war. Sarah has been invited to the party. Bu cümlelerde bizi ilgilendiren fabrika ve Sarah’dır; yoksa kimin fabrikayı boyadığı yada Sarah’ı kimin davet ettiği çok da önemli değildir. c – Ayrıca, bir şeyi kim yada ne yaptığını söylemek istemediğimiz durumlarda da edilgen kullanırız. I made a mistake. A mistake was made.   53 Edilgen: mastar ve –ing 1 Edilgenin mastar kullanımı vardır: be + past participle. Bu yapıyı, kipfiiller (must, can, will, vs.) ve diğer bazı yapılar (going to, have to, would like to, vs.) ile birlikte kullanırız. This door must be kept locked. The job can’t be done. He’s going to be interviewed nex week. The new motorway will be opened next summer. I don’t like to be disturbed. 2 Bununla birlikte, edilgenin perfect mastar kullanımı da vardır: have been + past participle. Bu yapıyı geçmişden söz etmek için kullanırız. The newspaper may have been trown away last night. We should have been told about the dangers. 3 Yine edilgenin –ing yapısıda mümkündür: being + past participle I don’t like being cheated. He remmembers being given the book.   54 Edilgende be yerine get kullanımı Edilgen yüklemler oluşturmak için bazen be  yerine get kullanırız. Bunu, örneğin, bir şeyin beklenmedik bir şekilde yada kazara olduğunu anlatmak için yaparız. My flat got burgled when I was on holiday. I was surprised that I didn’t get invited to the party. My parents’ fence got blown down in the storm.   55 Edilgenlerde iki nesneli yüklemler Bazı fiillerin iki nesnesi olabilir.(örn. give) Someone gave Jimmy the money. (Buradaki iki nesne, Jimmy ve para) Bu gibi durumlar için iki farklı edilgen cümle yapabiliriz. Jimmy was given the money.          The money was given to Jimmy. Genel olarak, bir edilgenin kişi ile başlaması daha yaygındır. İki nesnesi olabilen diğer fiiller: send, offer, show, pay, teach, promise ve tell. I was sent a telegram. She will be told the news.   56 By ve with ile edilgenler 1 By + aracı Karşılaştırınız: Etken: Marconi invented the radio. Edilgen: The radio was invented by Marconi. Etken: The strong winds blew down a number of trees. Edilgen: A number of trees were bown down by the strong winds. Edilgen cümlelerde bazen, etken cümlenin öznesini ‘yapan’ olarak kullanırız. Bu durumlarda, ‘yapanı’ bildirmek için by kullanılır. Yalnızca, olan şey için kim yada neyin sorumlu olduğunu söylemek istediğimizde, by + aracı yapısını kullanırız. 2 With + araç With, bir şeyi yapmak için, aracı tarafından kullanılan araçtan söz edilmek isteniyorsa, kullanılır. Karşılaştırınız: I was hit with an umbrella.    I was hit by an old lady. 3 With + eşya With aynı zamanda, madde yada malzemelerden söz edidilirken de kullanılır. The room was filled with smoke. Irish coffee is made with whiskey.   57 It is said that he ... / He is said to be ... vs. 1 Diğer insanların neye inandıklarından, ne söylediklerinden, vs. söz edeceğimizde, mümkün olabilecek iki edilgen yapı kullanabiliriz. Etken: People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Edilgen (1): It + edilgen + that clause It is said that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Edilgen (2): Özne + edilgen + to mastar Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire. Bu edilgen yapıları daha çok resmi kullanımlarda, şu fiiller ile birlikte kullanırız: say think believe  consider understand Know report expect allege claim acknowledge  It is believed that they own a lot of land in the north. They are believed to own a lot of land in the north. It is reported that the president is seriously ill. It is expected that a new law will be introduced next year. A new law is ecpected to be introduced next year. Söylenen, inanılan, vs. daha eski bir eylemi anlatıyorsa, perfect infinitive (to have + past participle) kullanırız. It is believed that the fire started late last night. The fire is believed to have started late last night. It was thought that two prisoners had escaped. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped. 2 Be supposed to ‘Deniliyor’ anlamında, supposed to kullanabiliriz. I’d like to read that book. It’s supposed to be very good. (=İyi olduğu söyleniyor) He’s supposed to have been married before. (=Evli olduğu söyleniyor.) Supposed to, bazen de bir şeyin doğruluğu hakkında kuşkularımızı ortaya koyar. Bununla birlikte supposed to, bir anlaşma, kural yada görevden ötürü kişilerden ne beklendiğini söylemek için de kullanılır. I’m supposed to see Ferhat this afternoon.   58 Have something done 1 have +nesne + past participle I'm having  a garage build at the moment. How often do you have your hair  cut? We had our computer serviced last week. Simon has just had a suit made. You should have your eyes tested. Are you going to have new carpets fitted in your flat? 2 a – Bizim için, bir başkasının yapmasını ayarladığımız şeylerlen söz ederken, have someting done yapısını kullanırız. I’m having a garage build at the moment. Karşılaştırın:  I’m building a garage at the moment. (=Garajı kendim yapıyorum.) I’m having a garage built at the moment. (=Benim için yapsın diye bir başkasını ayarladım.) We had the carpet cleaned by a professional carpet cleaner. We didn’t do it ourselves. I usually have my car serviced at a garage in East Street. b – Bazen de, başkalarının yapması için bizim ayarlamadığımız durumlarda kullanırız. I had my leg broken in a football match. We had our fence blown down in a storm last week. Bu yapı aynı şekilde, çoğu zaman, birisine beklenmedik yada istenmedik bir şey olduğunu anlatmak için de kullanılır. Get something done, günlük kullanımlarda mümkündür. I must get this jacket cleaned. . He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good. Confucius I have often wished I had time to cultivate modesty... But I am too busy thinking about myself. Edith Sitwell  Life is a long lesson in humility. James M. Barrie Be modest! It is the kind of pride least likely to offend. Jules Renard Modesty is a shining light; it prepares the mind to receive knowledge, and the heart for truth. Madam Guizot I am no more humble than my talents require. Oscar Levant If I only had a little humility, I'd be perfect. Ted Turner Acting is not being emotional, but being able to express emotion. Kate Reid I have long since come to believe that people never mean half of what they say, and that it is best to disregard their talk and judge only their actions. Dorothy Day I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts. John Locke Strong reasons make strong actions. William Shakespeare Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don't know which half. John Wanamaker You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements. Norman Douglas Advertising may be described as the science of arresting the human intelligence long enough to get money from it. Stephen Leacock Advertisements... contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper. Thomas Jefferson I read no newspaper now but Ritchie's, and in that chiefly the advertisements, for they contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper. Thomas Jefferson What is the difference between unethical and ethical advertising? Unethical advertising uses falsehoods to deceive the public; ethical advertising uses truth to deceive the public. Vilhjalmur Stefansson Never trust the advice of a man in difficulties. Aesop It is very difficult to live among people you love and hold back from offering them advice. Anne Tyler People who ask our advice almost never take it. Yet we should never refuse to give it, upon request, for it often helps us to see our own way more clearly. Brendan Francis Ask advice only of your equals. Danish Proverb Please give me some good advice in your next letter. I promise not to follow it. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892 - 1950), Letters Write down the advice of him who loves you, though you like it not at present. English Proverb Advice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didn't. Erica Jong I owe my success to having listened respectfully to the very best advice, and then going away and doing the exact opposite. G. K. Chesterton Never give advice unless asked. German Proverb Some people like my advice so much that they frame it upon the wall instead of using it. Gordon R. Dickson The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right. Hannah Whitall Smith I have found the best way to give advice to your children is to find out what they want and then advise them to do it. Harry S Truman   Never take the advice of someone who has not had your kind of trouble. Sidney J. Harris In giving advice, seek to help, not please your friend. Solon Never advise anyone to go to war or to marry. Spanish Proverb Beware of the young doctor and the old barber. Benjamin Franklin To me, old age is always 15 years older than I am. Bernard M. Baruch   Aging is not 'lost youth' but a new stage of opportunity and strength. Betty Friedan There is no old age. There is, as there always was, just you. Carol Matthau Always be nice to those younger than you, because they are the ones who will be writing about you. Cyril Connolly The great secret that all old people share is that you really haven't changed in 70 or 80 years. Your body changes, but you don't change at all. Doris Lessing The surprising thing about young fools is how many survive to become old fools. Doug Larson Though it sounds absurd, it is true to say I felt younger at sixty than I felt at twenty. Ellen Glasgow The longer I live the more beautiful life becomes. Frank Lloyd Wright Age to me means nothing. I can't get old; I'm working. I was old when I was twenty-one and out of work. As long as you're working, you stay young. When I'm in front of an audience, all that love and vitality sweeps over me and I forget my age. George Burns   I was always taught to respect my elders and I've now reached the age when I don't have anybody to respect. George Burns   About the only thing that comes to us without effort is old age. Gloria Pitzer   Age is not a particularly interesting subject. Anyone can get old. All you have to do is live long enough. Groucho Marx The older I grow the more I distrust the familiar doctrine that age brings wisdom. H. L. Mencken . My idea of an agreeable person is a person who agrees with me. Benjamin Disraeli   It is by universal misunderstanding that all agree. For if, by ill luck, people understood each other, they would never agree. Charles Baudelaire Those who agree with us may not be right, but we admire their astuteness. Cullen Hightower We rarely think people have good sense unless they agree with us. Francois de La Rochefoucauld If two men agree on everything, you may be sure that one of them is doing the thinking. Lyndon B. Johnson I don't necessarily agree with everything I say. Marshall McLuhan If you can find something everyone agrees on, it's wrong. Mo Udall Whenever people agree with me I always feel I must be wrong. Oscar Wilde The greatest mistake is trying to be more agreeable than you can be. Walter Bagehot When two men in business always agree, one of them is unnecessary. William Wrigley Jr. America is a large, friendly dog in a very small room. Every time it wags its tail, it knocks over a chair. Arnold Toynbee  There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. Bill Clinton   America's one of the finest countries anyone ever stole. Bobcat Goldthwaite There's the country of America, which you have to defend, but there's also the idea of America. America is more than just a country, it's an idea. An idea that's supposed to be contagious. Bono There is nothing wrong with America that the faith, love of freedom, intelligence and energy of her citizens cannot cure. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969) The United States is a nation of laws: badly written and randomly enforced. Frank Zappa England and America are two countries separated by a common language. George Bernard Shaw America is a young country with an old mentality. George Santayana America has never been an empire. We may be the only great power in history that had the chance, and refused – preferring greatness to power and justice to glory. George W. Bush America has never been united by blood or birth or soil. We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interests and teach us what it means to be citizens. George W. Bush America will never run... And we will always be grateful that liberty has found such brave defenders. George W. Bush In the United States there is more space where nobody is than where anybody is. That is what makes America what it is. Gertrude Stein   What's right about America is that although we have a mess of problems, we have great capacity - intellect and resources - to do some thing about them. Henry Ford II This is the story of America. Everybody's doing what they think they're supposed to do. Jack Kerouac In a country as big as the United States, you can find fifty examples of anything. Jeffery F. Chamberlain America is a vast conspiracy to make you happy. There are three social classes in America: upper middle class, middle class, and lower middle class. Judith Martin, The thing that impresses me the most about America is the way parents obey their children. King Edward VIII Anger makes you smaller, while forgiveness forces you to grow beyond what you were. Cherie Carter-Scott When anger rises, think of the consequences. Confucius If you would cure anger, do not feed it. Say to yourself: 'I used to be angry every day; then every other day; now only every third or fourth day.' When you reach thirty days offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to the gods. Epictetus Anger at lies lasts forever. Anger at truth can't last. Greg Evans Never forget what a man says to you when he is angry. Henry Ward Beecher Speak when you are angry--and you will make the best speech you'll ever regret. Laurence J. Peter Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. But when they get angry, they bring about a change. Malcolm X I have a right to my anger, and I don't want anybody telling me I shouldn't be, that it's not nice to be, and that something's wrong with me because I get angry. Maxine Waters My parents only had one argument in forty-five years. It lasted forty-three years. Cathy Ladman He who strikes the first blow admits he's lost the argument. Chinese Proverb I can win an argument on any topic, against any opponent. People know this, and steer clear of me at parties. Often, as a sign of their great respect, they don't even invite me. Dave Barry Use soft words and hard arguments. English Proverb The most perfidious way of harming a cause consists of defending it deliberately with faulty arguments. Friedrich Nietzsche   The thing I hate about an argument is that it always interrupts a discussion. G. K. Chesterton No matter what side of the argument you are on, you always find people on your side that you wish were on the other. Jascha Heifetz If you go in for argument, take care of your temper. Your logic, if you have any, will take care of itself. Joseph Farrell Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refute. Josh Billings Behind every argument is someone's ignorance. Louis D. Brandeis Arguments are to be avoided; they are always vulgar and often convincing. Oscar Wilde It is not necessary to understand things in order to argue about them. Pierre Beaumarchais In a heated argument we are apt to lose sight of the truth. Publilius Syrus The argument is at an end. Saint Augustine It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument. William G. McAdoo With reasonable men I will reason; with humane men I will plea; but to tyrants I will give no quarter, nor waste arguments where they will certainly be lost. William Lloyd Garrison For they are yet ear-kissing arguments. William Shakespeare   [Abstract art is] a product of the untalented, sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered. Al Capp Art is the imposing of a pattern on experience, and our aesthetic enjoyment is recognition of the pattern. Alfred North Whitehead Painting: The art of protecting flat surfaces from the weather and exposing them to the critic. Ambrose Bierce Art is the desire of a man to express himself, to record the reactions of his personality to the world he lives in. Amy Lowell Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. Andre Gide Let each man exercise the art he knows. Aristophanes I believe that if it were left to artists to choose their own labels, most would choose none. Ben Shahn So you see, imagination needs moodling - long, inefficient, happy idling, dawdling and puttering. Brenda Ueland I suppose no matter what I'm drawing, there will always be some sort of question in my mind about it. A work of art (even cartoon art)is never really finished; it is abandoned. Brooke McEldowney, I can't criticize what I don't understand. If you want to call this art, you've got the benefit of all my doubts. Charles Rosin, Art is born of the observation and investigation of nature. Cicero Art forms of the past were really considered elitist. Bach did not compose for the masses, neither did Beethoven. It was always for patrons, aristocrats, and royalty. Now we have a sort of democratic version of that, which is to say that the audience is so splintered in its interests. David Cronenberg, Rocketboom, The idea of a mass audience was really an invention of the Industrial Revolution. David Cronenberg, I merely took the energy it takes to pout and wrote some blues. Duke Ellington Works of art, in my opinion, are the only objects in the material universe to possess internal order, and that is why, though I don't believe that only art matters, I do believe in Art for Art's sake. E. M. Forster Another unsettling element in modern art is that common symptom of immaturity, the dread of doing what has been done before. Edith Wharton Art is on the side of the oppressed. Think before you shudder at the simplistic dictum and its heretical definition of the freedom of art. For if art is freedom of the spirit, how can it exist within the oppressors? Edith Wharton A painting in a museum hears more ridiculous opinions than anything else in the world. Edmond de Goncourt Illusions are art, for the feeling person, and it is by art that you live, if you do. Elizabeth Bowen Artists who seek perfection in everything are those who cannot attain it in anything. Eugene Delacroix Art is making something out of nothing and selling it. Frank Zappa I paint my own reality. The only thing I know is that I paint because I need to, and I paint whatever passes through my head without any other consideration. Frida Kahlo Art, like morality, consists of drawing the line somewhere. G. K. Chesterton A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort. Herm Albright   I happen to feel that the degree of a person's intelligence is directly reflected by the number of conflicting attitudes she can bring to bear on the same topic. Lisa Alther, Kinflicks, Complaining is good for you as long as you're not complaining to the person you're complaining about. Lynn Johnston A strong positive mental attitude will create more miracles than any wonder drug. Patricia Neal Human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives. William James The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind. William James   A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove that you don't need it. Bob Hope Drive-in banks were established so most of the cars today could see their real owners. E. Joseph Cossman A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining, but wants it back the minute it begins to rain. Mark Twain The first question I ask myself when something doesn't seem to be beautiful is why do I think it's not beautiful. And very shortly you discover that there is no reason. John Cage I never saw an ugly thing in my life: for let the form of an object be what it may - light, shade, and perspective will always make it beautiful. John Constable Rarely do great beauty and great virtue dwell together. Petrarch When I'm working on a problem, I never think about beauty. I think only how to solve the problem. But when I have finished, if the solution is not beautiful, I know it is wrong. R. Buckminster Fuller Reading, after a certain age, diverts the mind too much from its creative pursuits. Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking. Albert Einstein   This paperback is very interesting, but I find it will never replace a hardcover book - it makes a very poor doorstop. Alfred Hitchcock Bülent Göksal   EnglishEver © 2008